Object Oriented Networking.

Making computers work together.
Server...It is a buzzword that comes to our mind when we think of any company's network.Let me take privilege to introduce you to my new friend called Server. Before telling more about him. I will get on to some basics first. When two or more computers are connected, it is called as a network.When network is thought of as a parent then it has two children. They are Peer to Peer network and Client Server Network. In a Peer-to-Peer network computers are connected together and they do not have any common instructor. Each node in this network are with the same level of responsibilities and they execute at the same level.But without an instructor, network cannot give its best.
So here comes our instructor called the Server to rescue the situation and thus paving the way for better Networking. And he is none other than the one and only server.So when a server instructs the other clients of its network then it becomes a Client-Server Network model.
An organisation may have umpteen number of computers connected to a network.The server controlling all these computers is not an easy job.
There are many program codes that are running behind the server operating system that makes it a efficient ruler of the network kingdom.
The system programming of the server will always leave a lasting impression on a programmer's mind.
So let us get into some real techy now...
How does the server organize the highly complicated networking nodes?.
It's because of a facility in which all the nodes(computers, switches and routers etc) are treated as objects. The information about nodes like computer name ,router name etc are treated as attributes of the object.There are certain functions in this object that are capable of performing various functions that easily maintains the communication between all the nodes of the network.
These methods also help in efficient security and management of each and every nodes. In short, there are some object oriented codes that does the trick.The nodes have higher level of customization as the codes have higher level of complexity..This would add more meaning when seen in a programmers point of view.
Microsoft calls this facility as ACtive directory. And if we are able to create a facility like this then we can call it whatever we like. Imagine that we have created a facility like this and we call it as ? ! ? !.Something like Server Soul,Client's Gettogether or whatever we like.
But microsoft calls this facility as Active directory. So we call it Active directory for now.
Most people confuse Domain Controller and Active directory. I will make it so simple for you.When the Active Directory is installed in the server then the server becomes the domain controller.Because the active directory gives the server to control the nodes of the particular networking domain. Still feel like writing a lot...But let me stop here and find another occasion to adding more on this.

What better way to understand object oriented concepts. :)

Tour de paris.

Flight starts in an hour. We rush to the Chennai airport in a call taxi. Our Air-France flight starts in Chennai and lands in Paris. You are greatly fascinated on your journey to Paris, the city of fashions.
And eventhough you know English you want to try speaking French to make this occasion special.
Infact many in France would not like to speak English in their country.So let us keep our discussions in French.
So the first thing you must know is to greet other people, so that you can befriend them and get your workdone.
So the word you must know is "Bonjour or Salut". The former is formal and the latter is informal.

You may have to ask "How are you?", soon after greeting. It is "Comment allez vous? or Comment ca va?". The same formal and informal here too.

And now most probably you will be receiving one of those following replies.
Ca va bien - It goes well.
Ca va. -It goes.
And least probably you will receive...
Ca va mal - It goes bad.

No problem how it goes...Let us go on with French now...

Now you may feel like introducing yourself.
like I am Mr.yourname and I am an Indian.
The easiest way is to remember the two words " Je suis ".
Je suis shyam.
Je suis Indien.

Now you have made clear that you are a foreigner to France.
So now you may need a help, tracing an address.
The next thing is "Can you help me?".
And it is "Pouvez vous m'aider?".

The French people would be pleased to help a foreigner and especially a french speaking.
So he will tell you "Oui" means "Yes".If it is "Non" meaning "No" then you may have to start altogether from inception "Bonjour" with another person.

So you hand over your address slip to him and ask "Où est cette adresse ?" - "Where is this address ?".

Now be ready to catch the key french words when he speaks that would convey the so called go-this-way phrases ...So that you can get the exact location of the address.
And those words should be...

droite _ right
gauche _ left
tout-droit _ straight ahead.
suivez la rue _ follow the road.
a côté _ at the side
près de _ near
en face de la banque _ accross from the bank
le croisement _ intersection
tournez à droite _ turn right
tournez à gauche _ turn left
continuez toujours _ continue on

With all these phrases you have to get the exact location of the address.
But still you may have problems in getting what he actually says.
You may not understand.
And so you can say "Je ne comprends pas" means "I do not understand".

So you can just Je-ne-comprends-pas till you get your exact location.

And dont forget to say "Merci" means "Thank you".

Finally. you got your exact location with your French in France.
It's one of the best thing that can happen to you in France.

L'audio pour blog français.

Ceci est mon blog français - un.

Salut amis.
Ceci est shyam ecrire pour tu en français.
Français est grand apprendre.
Aujourd'hui. J'ecris au sujet de les langues.
L’anglais est langue de le monde.
Mais,Français est un romance langue.
Apprends francais sera aide tu travaille en ceci monde.
Tu peux apprends francais en votre libre heures.
Tu a ceci as votre passe-temps.
Le Français est la deuxième langue parlée dans le monde.
Tu peux lis français en ceci colonne.
Au revoir pour maintenant.
Merci beaucoup.

Learning French.

French is one of the interesting foreign language. It is known as a Romantic language. French is spoken in many countries including France.

The most important thing in French is its pronunciation.


Let me engage you with some of basic French that might help you to get into this language and have fun.

You can use the following as subjects:
I-Je
You-Tu
He-Il
She-Elle
It-Ca

Now we need a verb;
am-suis
is-est for Il and Elle
is-es for Tu
have-ai for Je
have-as for Tu
have-a for Il and Elle.

Now we need a object that the subject uses:
French is gender specific. That is every objects are considered as male or female.

male prefix-le for the, un for a
female prefix-la for the, une for a

A dog is considered as male and so.
the dog is called as le chien
a dog is called as un chien

A cow is considerd as female and so
the cow is called as la vache
a cow is called as une vache

So whenever you learn a new word in French make sure weather it is male or female.
Most importantly you must get to know how it is pronounced.
A bad pronounciation may sound offensive to the native french ears.


With careful learning of some more nouns and verbs. You can really start writing French.
But if you have to talk French, Pls do not try pronouncing French words in English accent.
That will be really pathetic.

To improve your French pronounciation...
Go to
http://www.byki.com
a place where you can download the language learning software.

Go to
http://www.livemocha.com
a online language learning website that will let you to connect with the native speakers.

Goto
You tube channel's that will help you with friendly French video tutorials
Jremy you tube channel:
http://www.youtube.com/jremy
Leyla you tube channel:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LeylaRandomness

The above links are really great quality site's that will help you learn French and other languages too.

Why still waiting there are lot of things that you can get from these websites.
If language learning interest you a lot....This is definely going to help you.
Or if you say "No idea of learning Languages now" then go there when you are free and bored.



Je suis sarath shyamson. I am sarath shyamson.
Je suis un indien. I am an Indian.
J'aime français. I like French.
Vous apprenez le français. You learn French.
Merci beaucoup. Thank you very much.
Aurevoir. Goodbye.


And if you find anyother link's for French learning Just comment it.Let others benefit.

Repair your comprehension.

Hiya Everyone,
If you think that the opposite of repairable is irrepairable then I want you to think again.
Go to http://www.merriam-webster.com/ and
find out that the opposite of repairable is irreparable.
Bye for now.

Power of PHP.

PHP...Wait...Wait..Wait...It is not related to horse power or something.
PHP is a computer buzzword that extends as PHP hypertext preprocesser.

Let's get into some of the basic terminologies before getting into the core.

HyperText: Text is what you normally see in MS word,Notepad etc.
But HyperText is something more than a simple text.
In websites you may happen to see text in different fonts,colors and behaviors.
Such text are called HyperText.

HTML : A language used to produce hypertext in your websites.
Expands as HyperText Markup Language(HTML).

PreProcess: As the name rightly indicates it is something that is carried out before processsing.

So as you are aware of terminologies like Preprocess and HyperText lets proceed further.

Getting into PHP HyperText Preprocesser.As the figure rightly shows PHP is a script running in the server that is responsible for some preprocessing before the hypertext is sent to the client.

This power of PHP makes it unavoidable on all of the available servers in internet today.
PHP has the power to generate dynamic webpages instead of generating the traditional static pages.

This article may still sound latin to those who are not aware of some computer concepts.
But feel free to comment and ask your doubts because PHP is really vast.
Lets resolve our differences.
If you are really interested in this you can still learn how to make a php page of your own.

Happy PHPing.

Good programming technique.

An application is a collection of programs. Each and every program has its dependence with that of the other programs in the application.This dependence relation between programs can be thought of as Coupling.

Okay...Now lets move on to tightly coupled and loosely coupled.
When a program is very much dependent on other program it is called tightly coupled.
When a program is less dependent on other program then it is called loosely coupled.

So what type of coupling will a good program need?
Obviously it is the loosely coupled programs that the application needs.
When there is less relation between programs then writing codes and debugging is will be easy.

So next time when you write an application go for loosely coupled programs.
Coupling is inversely proportional to Cohesion.
COHESION!!!
What it is? Go and find out.

The Real Enemy.

Hi...Friends Whom do you think is your real enemy?

One who has betrayed you recently,One who has not returned your money, or the one who is in good terms with your girl friend...Guys Stop....Let me tell you one thing that they are not your real enemies.You mistake them as your enemies and allow the real enemy to grow in you.
Your real enemy is your Anger, Rage, and your pride. These are the most dangerous weapons that can bring a person of high position suddenly into a pit.Ya, be careful when you deal with these enemies at times. These enemies tempt you to grow more in it.But the wisest move would be to suppress such enemies.
You can have the help of God to drive away such bad forces. The primary purpose of living is to support each other and have a good relationship. But this kind of enemies can easily stop you from fulfilling your purpose of life. Next time when you meet someone whom you once thought was your enemy,have few good conversations. He will be surprised to see that from you. He will instead show you great appreciation.

FIGHT REAL ENEMIES AND GET BACK YOUR FAKE ENEMIES.

Lending Listening.

Quoted from a book, the clues are:

1. Listen.

2. Don’t interrupt.

3. Don’t finish other people’s sentences.

4. Don’t say “I knew that”.

5. Don’t even agree with the other person (even if he praises you, just say “Thank you”).

6. Don’t use the words “no”, “but”, and “however”.

7. Don’t be distracted. Don’t let your eyes or attention wander elsewhere while the other person is talking.

8. Mantain your end of the dialogue by asking intelligent questions that (a) show you’re paying attention, (b)move the conversation forward, and (c) require the other person to talk (while you listen).

9. Eliminate any striving to impress the other person with how smart or funny you are. Your only aim is to let the other person feel that he or she is accomplishing that.

EE(03)

CHIROMANCY
Chiromancy is one of the word that I got introduced through the"WORD POWER MADE EASY".
Chiromancy the art of foretelling the future by seeing the palm of the hand.
Chiromancy is synonymous with Palmistry.

Chiro means hand.
mancy means foretelling the future.

So while examining some of the other foretelling practices I found two interesting words.

Other derivatives:
:) Sciomancy :) Myomancy

Extract from etymonline.com
Sciomancy - The art of foretelling by communication with the shades of the dead.
(Gk.Skio-Shadow)
Myomancy- Foretelling or divination through mouse.
(Gk.My0-mouse)

IP addressing and subnetting

TANCET MBA colleges

List of Colleges in CHENNAI Under Anna Univ offering MBA

1. A.M.S. College of Engineering, Nizara Educational Campus, Muthapudupet,Avadi - I.A.F 600055.
   
   
2. Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Kalasalingam Nagar, Old Mahabalipuram Road,Kazhipattur Village, Chengalpattu Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 603103.
   
   
3. B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College, G.S.T. Road, Vandalur Village,Vandalur Post Office,Chengalpattu Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 600 048.
   
   
4. Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, NH48 (Kancheepuram High Road),Vanchuvanchery, Padappai Post, Sriperumpudur Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 601 301.
   
   
5. Hindustan College of Engineering, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Padur Village, Padur Post Office, ChengalPattu, Kancheepuram District – 603103.
   
   
6. Madha Engineering College, Madha Nagar, Somangalam Road,Kundrathur Village, Kundrathur Post Office, Sriperumpudur Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 600 069.
   
   
7. Meenakshi College of Engineering, No 12, Vembuliamman Koil St, Virugambakkam, Chennai- 92.
   
   
8. Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engg. College, Guru Marudhar Kesari Building, Jyothi nagar, Thorapakkam, Chennai - 600 096.
   
   
9. Panimalar Engineering College, Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram, Nasareth Pettai (Post), Poonamalle (Taluk), Chennai - 602 103.
   
   
10. Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Nagar, Thandalam,Sriperumbudur Taluk,Kancheepuram District,Chennai - 602 105.
    
    
11. Sri Sairam Engineering College Tambaram to Somangalam Road Sai Leo Nagar, Poonthandalam Village, Dharkast Post, West Tambaram, Chennai - 600 044.
    
    
12. St. Peter's Engineering College College Road, Avadi, Chennai - 600 054.
    
    
13. Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam Village, Thiruporur Post Office, Chanlpattu Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 603 110.
    
    
14. St. Joseph's College of Engineering Old Mamallapuram Road, Chemmanchery Village, Sholinganallur Post Office, Tambaram Taluk, Kanchipuram District - 600 119.
    
    
15. T.J. Institute of Technology, IT Highway, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Karapakkam Village, Okklampet Post Office, Tambaram Taluk, Kancheepuram District, Chennai - 600 096.
    
    
16. Thangavelu Engineering College, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Karapakkam Village, Okklampet Post Office, Tambaram Taluk, Kancheepuram District, Chennai - 600 096.
    
    
17. Saveetha Engineering College Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam Village, Thandalam Post, Sriperumbudur Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 602 105.
    
    
18. SRR Engineering College Old Mamallapuram Road, Padur Village, Chengalpattu Taluk Kancheepuram District - 603 103.
    
    
19. Valliammai Engineering College S.R.M. Nagar, kattankulathur, Pincode - 603 203, Kancheepuram dist.
    
    
20. Vel Sri Rangarajan Sakunthala College of Multimedia, #42, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village, Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk, Tiruvellore District - 600 062.
    
    
21. Vel Sri Rangarajan Sakunthala Hi-Tech Engineering College, #60, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village, Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk, Tiruvellore District - 600 062.
    
    
22. Vel Tech, #42, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village, Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk, Tiruvellore District - 600 062.
    

Airplane ears

Airplane Ears

COURTESY: DAILY WRITING TIPS.

Filip from Sweden has a question about an unpleasant accompaniment to flying:

My question is simple but yet hard to explain. It’s about the phenomenon “blocked ears,” or “cap of the ears” or whatever you might call it. You know when you land with an airplane and you feel there’s pressure inside your ear and after a while . . . the “bubble” bursts.

I guess you understand what it is I’m referring to. So, my question is, what is it really called? . . . What’s right, in both English and Latin?

I certainly know what Filip is referring to. Once my ears remained blocked for more than a week after a flight. That’s when I began carrying a big package of gum when flying. I chew furiously at take-off and upon landing. That seems to do the trick for me. No more blocked ears.

Since I didn’t know the medical term for this phenomenon, I decided to call it “airplane ears.” Apparently that’s a term that other people use. Here’s the definition from the Mayo Clinic site:

Airplane ear is the stress exerted on your eardrum (tympanic membrane) and other middle ear tissues when the air pressure in your middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance. You may experience airplane ear at the beginning of a flight when the airplane is climbing or at the end of a flight when the airplane is descending. These fast changes in altitude cause air pressure changes and can trigger airplane ear.

Airplane ear is also called ear barotrauma, barotitis media or aerotitis media.

EE(02)

MANUMIT
Manumit means 'free from slavery'.
Manumit has been derived from the Latin noun manus-hand and Latin verb mittere-to let go.
So it means 'to let go from the hand' which ultimately is 'free from slavery'.

Other derivatives:
:) Manuscript :) Manage :)Manual

Extract from M-w:
Manuscript - written by hand
Manage - to handle or direct with a degree of skill
Manual - worked or done by hand and not by machine

That made sense on Indian Economy

Dear Friends plz read it's not an usual mail:

U CAN MAKE A HUGE DIFFERENCE TO THE INDIAN ECONOMY
BY FOLLOWING FEW SIMPLE STEPS.

Please spare a couple of minutes here........for the sake of India ... our country.

I got this article from one of my friend, but it's true, I can see this from day to day life,

Small example
Before 5 months 1 CAN $ = IND Rs 42
for that instance American Dollor also
After 5 months. Now it is 1 CAN $ = IND Rs 48

Do you think Canadian Economy is booming? No, but Indian Economy is Going Down.

Our Economy is in u'r hands

INDIAN economy is in a crisis. Our country like many other ASIAN countries is undergoing a severe economic crunch. Many INDIAN industries are closing down. The INDIAN economy is in a crisis and if we do not take proper steps to control those, we will be in a critical situation.

More than 30000 crore rupees of foreign exchange are being siphoned out of our country on products such as cosmetics, snacks, tea, beverages....etc which are grown, produced and consumed here .

A cold drink that costs only 70 / 80 paisa to produce is sold for NINE rupees, and a major chunk of profits from these are sent abroad. This is a serious drain on INDIAN economy.

'COCA COLA 'and' SPRITE ' belong to the same multinational company, 'COCA COLA'?

Coke advertisements says ' JO CHAHO HOJAYE, COCACOLA ENJOY'

(Whatever the hell, let it happen, you drink coke)
What can you do?

You can consider some of the better alternatives to aerated drinks.
You can drink LEMON JUICE, FRESH FRUIT JUICES, CHILLED LASSI (SWEET OR SOUR), BUTTER MILK, COCONUT WATER, JALJEERA, ENERJEE, MASALA MILK..........

Everyone deserves a healthy drink, including you!
Over and above all this, economic sanctions have been imposed on us. We have nothing against Multinational companies, but to protect our own interests we request everybody to use INDIAN products only for next two years. With the rise in petrol prices, if we do not do this, the rupee will devalue further and we will end up paying much more for the same products in the near future.

What you can do about it?

1 . Buy only products manufactured by WHOLLY INDIAN COMPANIES.
2 . ENROLL as many people as possible for this cause.

Each individual should become a leader for this awareness.

This is the only way to save our country from severe economic crisis. You don't need to give-up your lifestyle. You just need to choose an alternate product.

All categories of products are available from WHOLLY INDIAN COMPANIES.

LIST OF PRODUCTS

BATHING SOAP:

USE - CINTHOL & OTHER GODREJ BRANDS, SANTOOR, WIPRO SHIKAKAI, MYSORE SANDAL, MARGO, NEEM, EVITA, MEDIMIX, GANGA , NIRMA BATH & CHANDRIKA

INSTEAD OF - LUX, LIFEBOY, REXONA, LIRIL, DOVE, PEARS, HAMAM, LESANCY, CAMAY, PALMOLIVE

TOOTH PASTE:

USE - NEEM, BABOOL, PROMISE, VICO VAJRADANTI, PRUDENT, DABUR PRODUCTS, MISWAK

INSTEAD OF - COLGATE, CLOSE UP, PEPSODENT, CIBACA, FORHANS, MENTADENT .

TOOTH BRUSH:
USE - PRUDENT, AJANTA , PROMISE

INSTEAD OF - COLGATE, CLOSE UP, PEPSODENT, FORHANS, ORAL-

SHAVING CREAM:
USE - GODREJ, EMANI

INSTEAD OF - PALMOLIVE, OLD SPICE, GILLETE

BLADE:

USE - SUPERMAX, TOPAZ, LAZER, ASHOKA

INSTEAD OF - SEVEN-O -CLOCK, 365 , GILLETTE

TALCUM POWDER:

USE - SANTOOR, GOKUL, CINTHOL, WIPRO BABY POWDER, BOROPLUS
INSTEAD OF - PONDS, OLD SPICE, JOHNSON BABY POWDER, SHOWER TO SHOWER

MILK POWDER:

USE - INDIANA , AMUL, AMULYA

INSTEAD OF - ANIKSPRAY, MILKANA, EVERYDAY MILK, MILKMAID.

SHAMPOO:

USE - LAKME, NIRMA, VELVET
INSTEAD OF - HALO, ALL CLEAR, NYLE, SUNSILK, HEAD AND SHOULDERS, PANTENE

MOBILE CONNECTIONS
USE - BSNL, AIRTEL, TATA INDICAOM, RELIANCE
INSTEAD OF - HUTCH

TWO WHEELER BIKE
USE - BAJAJ, TVS
INSTEAD OF - HEROHONDA, HONDA SUZUQUE
CARS
USE - TATA, MAHENDRA
INSREAD OF - HYUNDAI,SUZUKI,HONDA,FORD,ETC

Every INDIAN product you buy makes a big difference. It saves INDIA .
Let us take a firm decision today.

BUY INDIAN TO BE INDIAN we are not against of foreign products.

WE ARE NOT ANTI-MULTINATIONAL.

WE ARE TRYING TO SAVE OUR NATION.
EVERY DAY IS A STRUGGLE FOR A REAL FREEDOM.

WE ACHIEVED OUR INDEPENDENCE AFTER LOSING MANY LIVES.

THEY DIED PAINFULLY TO ENSURE THAT WE LIVE PEACEFULLY. THE CURRENT TREND IS VERY THREATENING.

MULTINATIONALS CALL IT GLOBALISATION OF INDIAN ECONOMY. FOR INDIANS LIKE YOU AND ME IT IS RECOLONISATION OF INDIA ..

THE COLONIST'S LEFT INDIA THEN. BUT THIS TIME THEY WILL MAKE SURE THEY DON'T MAKE ANY MISTAKES.

WHO WOULD LIKE TO LET A' GOOSE THAT LAYS GOLDEN EGGS' SLIP AWAY..

PLEASE REMEMBER: POLITICAL FREEDOM IS USELESS WITHOUT ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE .

RUSSIA , S.KOREA , MEXICO .........THE LIST IS VERY LONG!!
LET US LEARN FROM THEIR EXPERIENCE AND FROM OUR HISTORY.

LET US DO THE DUTY OF EVERY TRUE INDIAN.

FINALLY: IT'S OBVIOUS THAT U CAN'T GIVE UP ALL OF THE ITEMS MENTIONED ABOVE,

SO GIVE UP ATLEAST ONE ITEM TO FOR THE SAKE OF OUR COUNTRY.

We would be sending useless forwards to our friends daily.
Instead please forward this mail to all your friends to create awareness.

"LITTLE DROPS MAKE A GREAT OCEAN "

Now its ur wish whether to forward & follow it or simply delete it.....

Let us all strive together to make INDIA Great

Memory Techniques

EE(01)

PLENARY
Plenary- This was a word that I got as a newsletter from Merriam's Webster.
Plenary means Complete.
We have borrowed this Plenary from the Anglo-French(Plener-means complete).
The Anglo-French in turn has borrowed this word from the Latin(Plenus- means complete).
Finally a conclusion was derived that the word Plenty may be of the same root too.

Other derivatives:
:) Replenish :) Implement :)Plenty

Extract from M-w:
Replenish - to fill or complete with inspiration or power
Implement - a device used in the completion of a task
Plenty - a full or more than adequate amount or supply

Spell well.

a-cco-mmo-date should accommodate two c's and two m's.

Acknowledgment has no e' in U.S and it is Acknowledg-e-ment in Britain.The case is same with
Judgment.

Embarrass has arrass.

Harass has arass.

There should not be any inadvertent use of a' in inadvertent.

Able is indispensable in indispensable.

Liaison has two eye's.

Its occasion and occurrence.

Separate

Supersede

10 Easy Arithmetic Tricks

Math can be terrifying for many people. This list will hopefully improve your general knowledge of mathematical tricks and your speed when you need to do math in your head.

1. The 11 Times Trick

We all know the trick when multiplying by ten - add 0 to the end of the number, but did you know there is an equally easy trick for multiplying a two digit number by 11? This is it:

Take the original number and imagine a space between the two digits (in this example we will use 52:

5_2

Now add the two numbers together and put them in the middle:

5_(5+2)_2

That is it - you have the answer: 572.

If the numbers in the middle add up to a 2 digit number, just insert the second number and add 1 to the first:

9_(9+9)_9

(9+1)_8_9

10_8_9

1089 - It works every time.

2. Quick Square

If you need to square a 2 digit number ending in 5, you can do so very easily with this trick. Mulitply the first digit by itself + 1, and put 25 on the end. That is all!

25² = (2x(2+1)) & 25

2 x 3 = 6

625

3. Multiply by 5

Most people memorize the 5 times tables very easily, but when you get in to larger numbers it gets more complex - or does it? This trick is super easy.

Take any number, then divide it by 2 (in other words, halve the number). If the result is whole, add a 0 at the end. If it is not, ignore the remainder and add a 5 at the end. It works everytime:

2682 x 5 = (2682 / 2) & 5 or 0

2682 / 2 = 1341 (whole number so add 0)

13410

Let’s try another:

5887 x 5

2943.5 (fractional number (ignore remainder, add 5)

29435

4. Multiply by 9

This one is simple - to multiple any number between 1 and 9 by 9 hold both hands in front of your face - drop the finger that corresponds to the number you are multiplying (for example 9×3 - drop your third finger) - count the fingers before the dropped finger (in the case of 9×3 it is 2) then count the numbers after (in this case 7) - the answer is 27.

5. Multiply by 4

This is a very simple trick which may appear obvious to some, but to others it is not. The trick is to simply multiply by two, then multiply by two again:

58 x 4 = (58 x 2) + (58 x 2) = (116) + (116) = 232

6. Calculate a Tip

If you need to leave a 15% tip, here is the easy way to do it. Work out 10% (divide the number by 10) - then add that number to half its value and you have your answer:

15% of $25 = (10% of 25) + ((10% of 25) / 2)

$2.50 + $1.25 = $3.75

7. Tough Multiplication

If you have a large number to multiply and one of the numbers is even, you can easily subdivide to get to the answer:

32 x 125, is the same as:
16 x 250 is the same as:
8 x 500 is the same as:
4 x 1000 = 4,000

8. Dividing by 5

Dividing a large number by five is actually very simple. All you do is multiply by 2 and move the decimal point:

195 / 5

Step1: 195 * 2 = 390
Step2: Move the decimal: 39.0 or just 39

2978 / 5

step 1: 2978 * 2 = 5956
Step2: 595.6

9. Subtracting from 1,000

To subtract a large number from 1,000 you can use this basic rule: subtract all but the last number from 9, then subtract the last number from 10:

1000
-648

step1: subtract 6 from 9 = 3
step2: subtract 4 from 9 = 5
step3: subtract 8 from 10 = 2

answer: 352

10. Assorted Multiplication Rules

Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2.
Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easy.
Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 13: Multiply by 3 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 17: Multiply by 7 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3.
Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 and subtract twice the original number.
Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 and subtract the original number.

Bonus: Percentages

Yanni in comment 23 gave an excellent tip for working out percentages, so I have taken the liberty of duplicating it here:

Find 7 % of 300. Sound Difficult?

Percents: First of all you need to understand the word “Percent.” The first part is PER , as in 10 tricks per listverse page. PER = FOR EACH. The second part of the word is CENT, as in 100. Like Century = 100 years. 100 CENTS in 1 dollar… etc. Ok… so PERCENT = For Each 100.

So, it follows that 7 PERCENT of 100, is 7. (7 for each hundred, of only 1 hundred).
8 % of 100 = 8. 35.73% of 100 = 35.73
But how is that useful??

Back to the 7% of 300 question. 7% of the first hundred is 7. 7% of 2nd hundred is also 7, and yep, 7% of the 3rd hundred is also 7. So 7+7+7 = 21.

If 8 % of 100 is 8, it follows that 8% of 50 is half of 8 , or 4.

Break down every number that’s asked into questions of 100, if the number is less then 100, then move the decimal point accordingly.

EXAMPLES:
8%200 = ? 8 + 8 = 16.
8%250 = ? 8 + 8 + 4 = 20.
8%25 = 2.0 (Moving the decimal back).
15%300 = 15+15+15 =45.
15%350 = 15+15+15+7.5 = 52.5

Also it’s usefull to know that you can always flip percents, like 3% of 100 is the same as 100% of 3.

35% of 8 is the same as 8% of 35.

Lyrics for the final credit song in Coach Carter.

[Twista talking]
Man, I know we had a lot of tragedies lately.
I just wanna say rest in peace to Aaliyah,
Rest in peace to Left Eye,
Rest in peace to Jam Master Jay,
And everybody lost in the Twin Towers,
And everybody lost period.
All we got is HOPE!!

[Verse 1 (Twista)]
I wish the way I was living could stop, serving rocks,
Knowing the cops is hot when I’m on the block, And I
Wish my brother woulda made bail,
So I won’t have to travel 6 hours to see him in jail, And I
Wish that my grandmother wasn’t sick,
Or that we would just come up on some stacks and hit a lick, And I (I wish)
Wish my homies wouldn’t have to suffer,
When the streets get the upper had on us and we lose a brother, And I
Wish I could go deep in a zone,
And lift the spirits of the world with the words with in this song, And I (I wish)
Wish I could teach a could teach a soul to fly,
Take away the pain out cha hands and help you hold them hi, And I
Wish God never gave the men power
To be able to hurt the people inside the Twin Towers, And I (I wish)
Wish God woulda turned they hearts righteous,
When they started to take innocent lives and become snipers, But uh
We will never break, don’t devastate, we shall motivate,
And we gotta pray, all we got is faith.
Instead of thinking about who gonna die to day,
The Lord is gonna help you feel better, so you ain’t gotta cry today.
Sit at the light so long,
And then we gotta move straight forward, cuz we fight so strong,
So when right go wrong,
Just say a little prayer, get ya money man, life go on!!!
Let’s HOPE!

[Chorus (Faith Evans)]
Cuz I’m hopeful, yes I am, hopeful for today,
Take this music and use it
Let it take you away,
And be hopeful (hopeful) and he’ll make a way
I know it ain’t easy but that’s okay.
Let’s be hopeful!

[Verse 2 (Twista)]
I wish that you could show some love,
Instead of hatin so much when you see some other people commin up (I wish)
I wish I could teach the world to sing,
Watch the music and have ‘em trippin of the joy I bring, (shiit)
I wish that we could hold hands,
Listen instead of dissin lessons from a grown man, And I (I wish)
Wish the families that lack, but got love, get some stacks
Brand new shack and a lack that’s on dubs, And I
Wish we could keep achieving wonders,
See the vision of the world through the eyes of Stevie Wonder, (you feel me) (I wish)
And I hope all the kids eat,
And don’t nobody in my family see six feet, (ya dig)
I hope them mothers stain’ strong,
You can make it whether you wit him or your mans gone, And I (I wish)
Wish I could give every celly some commissary,
And the po po bring the heat on them priest like they did R. Kelly, And I
Wish that DOC could scream again
And bullets could reverse so Pac and Biggie breath again, (shit) (I wish)
Then one day they could speak again,
I wish that we only saw good news every time we look at CNN,
I wish that enemies could talk,
And that super homie Christopher Reeves could still walk, (I wish)
I wish that we could walk a path, stay doin the right thing
Hustle hard so the kids maintain up in the game,
Let’s HOPE

[Chorus (Faith Evans)]
Cuz I’m hopeful, yes I am, hopeful for today,
Take this music and use it
Let it take you away,
And be hopeful (hopeful) and he’ll make a way
I know it ain’t easy but that’s okay.
Let’s be hopeful!

[Verse 3 (Twista)]
Wish the earth wasn’t so apocalyptic,
I try to spread my message to the world the best way I can give it,
We can make it always so optimistic,
If you don’t listen gotta live my life the best way I can live it,
I pray for justice when we go to court,
Wish it was all good so the country wouldn’t have to go to war,
Why can’t we kick it and just get em on,
And in the famous words of Mr. King “Why can’t we all just get along”,
Or we can find a better way to shop and please, And I
Hope we find a better way to cop a keys, And I
Wish everybody would just stop and freeze,
And ask way are we fulfillin these downfalls and prophecies,
You can be wrong if it’s you doubting,
With the faith of a mustard seed you can move mountains,
And only the heavenly father can ease the hurt,
Just let it go and keep prayin on your knees in church!!
And let’s HOPE

[Chorus (Faith Evans) X2]
Cuz I’m hopeful, yes I am, hopeful for today,
Take this music and use it
Let it take you away,
And be hopeful (hopeful) and he’ll make a way
I know it ain’t easy but that’s okay.
Let’s be hopeful!

[Background]
na-na-na-na-na-na-naaaa-naaa
na-na-na-na-na-na-naaaa-naaa
na-na-na-na-na-na
na-na-na-na-na-na
na-na-na-na-na-na-naaaa-naaa
na-na-na-na-na-na-naaaa-naaa
na-na-na-na-na-na-naaaa-naaa
na-na-na-na-na-na
na-na-na-na-na-na

verbal statistics.

In English every new word is found for every 98 minutes.
Isn't that interesting?

Some Common Misspellings

With so many words in English, misspellings are common. However, misspellings also make you look bad - to clients, colleagues, and friends.


Allright – should be " all right "

Depandable – should be " dependable "

Indapendant – should be " independent "

Reccomend – should be " recommend "

Responsable – should be " responsible "

Seperate – should be " separate "

KNOW SWINE FLU

Swine Flu.
Name Origin:
Swine means Pig.

Some Terminologies:
With this Swine virus taking charge in 2009, it is important to know about some terminologies.
Epidemic:That which affects a certain group of people.
Endemic: Belonging to a particular community or group.(Not necessary that it should be affected).
Pandemic:That which affects the whole world.
So Swine Flu which was Endemic in Mexico, soon proved to be an Pandemic after affecting a child in U.S.A on April 29th, 2009.

Tricky ways:
The Flu Virus in known to be a trickiest virus because it often changes its structure to elude the
antibodies from that has been developed during previous attack of flu.This Swine is one of those Flu.
Symptoms:
Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting.
Prevention:
Prevention include washing hands with soaps after coming from the public.It may pass from finger to mouth and then infect.So washing hands is important.It may be in Table-tops telephones and other surfaces.
Panacea:
The cure-all as recommended by CDC is use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.

Quote from Stephen Covey.

Thoughts become actions...
Actions become habits...
habits become character...
character decides the destiny...

So have good thoughts to have a good destiny.

Above all trust in the Lord at all times.

ISRO questions 2009

These are some of the questions asked in ISRO recruitment exam 2009

1.Questions on Networking IP Classes were asked.
Class A. 1-126
Class B. 128-191
Class C. 192-223

2. SHA-1 is a __________Algorithm
SHA expands as Secure Hash Algorithm
It is an Encryption Algorithm.

3.UTP means Unshielded Twisted Pair.

4.Newton Backward Difference Formula

f(x) @ Pn(x) = fn + sÑfn +	s(s + 1)	Ñ2fn	+ . . . +	s(s + 1) . . . (s + n -1)	Ñnfn
	2!			n!

TCP and UDP

The TCP and UDP operates in the transport layer of the OSI model.

They work on the top of the IP protocol working in the Network layer.
TCP header size-20 bytes
UDP header size-8 bytes

assigned port numbers-0- 1023
registered port numbers-1024-65535
dynamic port numbers- 49152-65535

Nagle's algorithem is used to send several small buffered packets as a single packet.

BasketBall

Baketball is a game that is of great popularity in USA.But unfortunatly this game has not found any
fame in India.This mind-game can be one of the greatest past time and can also be a greatest sport for a player.
Basketball was intially played with a football. But later this game gained popularity that a seperate ball has been found for this game.
Dribbling is the most basic of a basketball game.You cannot move in the court without dribbling.
Dribbling means bouncing the ball back and forth between the ground and the hand.
Most importantly this is a team game.
When you work as a team then you are sure to win this game easily.
Michael Jordan is one of the finest basketball player of all times.
He is known for his great leaps and he has been called as Air Jordan.
This game needs good physical fitness.
This game also gives good fitness.
So , Just try a game of basketball at any point in your life.
YOURS
SHYAM.

Chetan Bhagat's "five point someone".

five point someone
CHETAN BHAGAT's
This Indian Novel found shape frm the hands of an Indian Author.This book actually does not laud about IIT. Neither it tells what to do at IIT. It conveys the life around certain characters those who studied in IIT.It's a real life incident.
So it is centered around three characters Alok, Ryan and Hari.

I will add more to it...when I finish reading this book.

SPOOLING-OS SPOOFING-Internet

E-mail spoofing is a term used to describe fraudulent e-mail activity in which the sender address and other parts of the e-mail header are altered to appear as though the e-mail originated from a different source.




In Operating Systems,, spooling refers to a process of transferring data by placing it in a temporary working area where another program may access it for processing at a later point in time.


The most common spooling application is print spooling: documents formatted for printing are stored onto a buffer (usually an area on a disk) by a fast processor and retrieved and printed by a relatively slower printer at its own rate. As soon as the fast processor has written the document to the spool device it has finished with the job and is fully available for other processes.

The OS way

Operating System is one of the most interesting part of computer Technology.
Without an operating System there is no question for software development or any of the user interface.

The Big Boss lying under all this operating functions is the KERNEL.

Kernal is nothing but a set of programs lying in the disc the execution of these programs make the operating systems work.
Program Execution
Execution of a program from memory involves the creation of a process(assigning memory to program code and executing it).
Interrupts
The hardware or the application gives the indication about which part of the code has to be executed in the kernel.
Suppose, when we press the "A" key in keyboard then the operating system that is the kernel will receive an interrupt that would allow that to execute the code responsible for displaying "A".
This can be taken as an example for a hardware interrupt.

Memory Management:
It is process managing and allocating memory for various programs that is being executed by the kernel.
Virtual memory: Some application may want the program to always execute at a particular space in the memory.This work is being taken care of virtual memory.
What if the program is not loaded into the memory where it has to be loaded.It is nothing but a Page Fault.
Swapping can be used to overcome this page fault.

Scheduler is a small software program that can control the amount of time a program is executed in a particular memory.
The Scheduler swaps the control between the Kernel and the Program to make sure all the Programs are executed for a considerable amount of time and along with its own priority.
This action is called Context Switching.

Some scheduling techniques

1.FCFS(First come first first serve)
2.Shortest job first done
-Preemptive(Gives way for another)
-Non-preemptive(No way)
3.Priority Scheduling(based on Priority)
Starvation of low priority process
4.Round Robin Scheduling
w.r.t Timer
5.Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Round Robin with Multilevel Queues
6.Mutilevel Feedback Queue Schduling.
Mutilevel queue with Priority for each queue.

So let's learn "What is Caching"?
Cache contains all the frequently accessed data . Such data's are retrieved from the main memory and stored in the cache. The processer checks for the needed data in the cache. If the needed data is not present then the processer gets it from the main memory and stores it in the cache for future use.

Dining Philosopher's problem:


Consider the case where some philosophers had to dine together.
But the problem they have one fork on left and one fork on right.
But the food cannot be eaten with a single fork.So if all the phil's
are going to take the left fork at the same time then no one can eat.


The lack of available forks is an analogy to the lacking of shared resources in real computer programming, a situation known as Concurrency.

That is the shared resources are getting locked with no use for anyone.This results in a deadlock.

Semaphore is a variable count used in the method that controls and restricts access to shared resources for ex:as in the case of dining philosophers problem.

So this dining philosophers problem introduces to three technical Jargons.
CDS
Concurrency
Deadlock
Semaphores
This article will be updated.

Find the Origin of Origin

Get into this server

http://www.etymonline.com/

And explore the world of words.

Disaster Story

Aster means Star in Greek.

Disaster:
In Roman mythology it was believed that something bad happens because of the fault in their
zodiac stars.
And so came the word disASTER , which means something worst has happened.

Asterisk:
Asterisk * Doesn't that look like a star....and hence came the word ASTERisk.

Asteroids:
Star like objects in space.
so came the word....ASTERoids.

All People seem to need data processing.

The OSI (Open Syestem Interconnection) reference model was proposed by ISO (InternetionalStandard Organisation) in 1984.
The standard protocols make use of any of those layers of OSI reference model to establish connection between computers.
The reference layers are
Application layer- Presentation Layer- Session layer- Transport layer-
Network Layer-Data Layer- Physical Layer.
So the Mnemonic is "All People Seem To Need Data Processing".
This has been the only most viewed article in my blog.
Please visit other interesting labels like English and Evolving Etymology.Please do comment to make this blog a better one.
With regards ,
Shyam.

Typewriter Fact

Originally the letter 'R' was not placed in that part of the Keyboard.
It was later replaced to its current position just because of the fact that the word "TYPEWRITER"
can be typed using the single rows of keys in a Keyboard.

q W E R T Y u I o P
Interesting ...Isn't it?

Relplace confused--->flummoxed

‘flummox' use it man...Redefine Indian English

The first syllable rhymes with the words ‘plum’, ‘glum’, and ‘slum’; the ‘o’ in the second syllable sounds like the ‘a’ in ‘china’. The final ‘x’ is like the ‘cks’ in ‘sucks’, ‘bucks’, and ‘ducks’. The word is pronounced ‘flumex” with the stress on the first syllable.

This is a word that is mostly used in informal contexts. When you are flummoxed by something, you are bewildered or confused by it. In fact, you are so confused you don’t know what to do.

As expected, the Minister was flummoxed by the questions posed by the reporters.

Oh God... No more PowerPoints..

‘PowerPoint singalong’?

Nowadays, whenever someone gives a talk or makes a presentation, it is usually accompanied by PowerPoint slides. It is something that the audience expects; a presentation is incomplete without one. These slides which the speaker shows often contain the main points that he is trying to make.

There are occasions, however, when the speaker includes in his slides everything that he is going to say. As a result, during the presentation, all he does is merely read from the slides; he doesn’t add anything new.

Such a presentation where the speaker reads verbatim from the slides without providing any comment is called ‘PowerPoint singalong’.

The presentation was nothing more than a PowerPoint singalong.

Uppercase for I...ever reasoned?

Why is the word ‘I’ always capitalised?

I understand that English is the only language where the pronoun ‘I’ is always written in the upper case; in most other languages spoken in Europe, it is written in the lower case. I guess this goes to show that the English have a big ego! Just kidding! The only explanation that scholars have for this is that when the Old English ‘ich’, meaning ‘I’, was reduced to ‘i’, it was thought to be too small to be considered a real word. Also, printers and scribes were worried that ‘i’, when written separately, would get attached to the word before or after it. Since they didn’t want this to happen, they began to capitalise the word.

Peruse-careful Browse-casual

What is the difference between ‘peruse’ and ‘browse’?

‘Browsing’ is something that we normally do when we are in a bookshop. Before we decide what to buy, we invariably take a look at the books and magazines available. Sometimes we read the blurbs, at other times, we sample a paragraph or two in order to decide whether the book is worth buying. When you browse through a book or magazine, you look at it in a very casual way; you do not read it carefully.

*He was browsing through the sports section when the phone rang.

*Could you browse through the first draft and give us some feedback?

‘Perusing’, unlike ‘browsing’, suggests very careful reading. When you peruse a document, you go through it very carefully. You examine the document in detail; you read each and every word.

*The CEO perused the ten page document before signing it.

Don't tell Mug up

‘academic bulimia’?

First, let’s deal with the pronunciation of ‘bulimia’. The ‘u’ in the first syllable is like the ‘u’ in ‘full’, ‘pull’, and ‘bull’. Some people pronounce the first ‘i’ like the ‘ea’ in ‘feat’, ‘meat’ and ‘seat’; others pronounce it like the ‘i’ in ‘it’ and ‘bit’. Whether you pronounce the word ‘bu-LIM-ia’ or ‘bu-LEEM-ia’, the stress is on the second syllable. These are just two of the ways of pronouncing the word.

Bulimia is a disorder. Some people have a craving for food, and when they eat, they proceed to stuff themselves. Once they have finished eating, they usually rush to the bathroom and force themselves to vomit. This act of eating enormous amounts of food and then proceeding to vomit everything is called ‘bulimia’.

Academic bulimia is something that we Indians specialise in. What is it that we do during the time of exams? We usually mug up the answers to all possible questions, and the following day we reproduce everything we have memorised; most of the time, with little or no understanding. This ability that we have to ‘disgorge’ answers is called ‘academic bulimia’.

Don’t be fooled by his marks. He doesn’t know a thing. What you see on paper is academic bulimia.

Yo...check it out?

What is the meaning of ‘Hippopotomonstro- sesquippedaliophobia’?

Pretty long word, isn’t it? Let me tell you it is not the fear of the hippopotamus. We all know what ‘phobia’ means: it is the fear of something. ‘Hippopoto’ comes from ‘hippopotamus’, and ‘monstro’ comes from of ‘monstrum’ meaning ‘monster’. ‘Sesquippedalio’ comes from ‘sesquipedalian’ meaning someone who loves to use extremely long words. ‘Sesquipedalophobia’ means the fear of long words. And that’s what the 15 syllable word hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia means: the fear of long words. The ‘hippopoto’ and ‘monstro’ have been merely added to make the word longer! The word can be spelt in different ways.

*I’m not like you. I suffer from a mild form of hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia.

Synonymous with Stupid things.

What is the meaning of ‘it’s your funeral’?

This is an expression that is mostly used in informal contexts. When you tell someone that it’s his funeral, what you mean is that the thing he intends to do is rather stupid. In other words, it’s your way of warning the person that he has made a wrong decision, and he is the one who is going to suffer the consequences.

*You want to go for a walk at this time of the night? It’s your funeral.

Courtesy-Know Your English-The Hindu.

Depromoted or Demoted

Is it okay to say, ‘He’s been depromoted’?

No, it isn’t. Although ‘depromoted’ is a possible word, it does not exist; no dictionary lists it. The word that you have in mind is ‘demoted’. When you ‘demote’ someone, you lower his rank or position.

After the trial, my cousin was demoted from colonel to captain.

Courtesy : Know Your English -The HIndu

Logology.

Felt like typing,,,,That's it.

Guys, have to say that my knowledge on computer has to be improved.
Sometimes I find that im no where.
I like attending quiz.Because I beleive that it can tell me where I stand.

Got this while attending IT Quiz in CIT.



Explain 5-4-3 rule?

In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

What is SVN?

Subversion (SVN) is a version control system initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc. It is used to maintain current and historical versions of files such as source code, web pages, and documentation. Its goal is to be a mostly-compatible successor to the widely used Concurrent Versions System (CVS).

Subversion is well-known in the open source community and is used on many open source projects, including Apache Software Foundation, KDE, GNOME, Free Pascal, FreeBSD, GCC, Python, Django, Ruby, Mono, SourceForge.net, ExtJS and Tigris.org. Google Code also provides Subversion hosting for their open source projects. BountySource systems use it exclusively. Codeplex offers access to both subversion as well as other types of clients.

Subversion is also being adopted in the corporate world. In a 2007 report by Forrester Research, Subversion was recognized as the sole leader in the Standalone Software Configuration Management (SCM) category and a strong performer in the Software Configuration and Change Management (SCCM) category.^[1]

Subversion is released under the Apache License, making it free software.

A line that impressed me

GOT FROM A SOP(Statement of Purpose)

Aside from the academic life, I like to participate in the social club (Rotaract club) of the college. These social activities have improved my interpersonal skills and enabled me to appreciate the value of how precious it is to participate in an activity whose members come from different backgrounds.

Good SOP

What the statement of purpose is not

• Many students (particularly foreign students) think that the statement of purpose is about character. While honesty, sincerity, conscientiousness, etc. are important attributes, I assume students with good academic records applying to graduate school have these traits.
• Many students think that the statement of purpose should be an autobiographical sketch. Believe me, the story of your first computer when you were 10 years old and how it inspired you to devote your life to Computer Science does not make particularly interesting reading, nor does it tell me the things I want to know.

Questions that your statement of purpose should answer

When I read a statement of purpose (which I think is one of the most important parts of a graduate application), I have the following questions in mind. Don’t structure your statement with these questions! (I can just see the applications pouring in now with my questions used as section headings.)

Your statement of purpose should be a cohesive piece of prose. (Some use of section headings is OK, but not with my questions.) It should present yourself to the reader. One way you can think of your statement is as an extended (and somewhat more formal) answer to the interview question, “Tell me about yourself…”

While some of my questions below can (and should) be answered directly, the rest should be addressed by relating relevant experiences and accomplishments.

• Why do you want to get a PhD (or MS)?
• What are your research interests? Be as specific as possible, but keep in mind who will be reading your application.In the Rensselaer CS department, research groups read applications — the one(s) you specify on your application. At other schools, a department committee may read all applications and decide upon admissions on behalf of the whole department.For the Rensselaer CS department, unless you are an exceptional student with a broad range of experience/accomplishments,

  you should target your application to just one research group — a student who specifies interest in robotics and networking, for example, may not be taken seriously by either group.Multiple faculty within a research group will read your application.

• Why are you interested in these research topics? Don’t write an autobiography!
• Do you have the motivation/perseverance to complete a PhD?
• If you have an undergraduate degree in something other than Computer Science or Computer Engineering, then another question is: do you have the background to pass the PhD qualifiers?

The statement of purpose is also an opportunity to describe some of your accomplishments and their significance. The reader will not be familiar with the programs, competitions, examinations, etc. for all parts of the United States, not to mention other countries.

Other things to keep in mind

• Format: Single spaced (or maybe even “one and a half” spacing, but definitely not double spaced) with at least a 10 point font and reasonable margins (at least 1 inch on all sides, preferably more on the left and right with a 10 point font).
• Length: Definitely not more than 2 pages! (Who has time to read more than that?) When I was applying to graduate schools, I was advised to keep my statement of purpose to a single page. I now think that this was not good advice — one page tends to be too short if you’re covering everything you should.Don’t try to “cram” more into your two pages using typographical tricks (line spacing, font size, margins, etc.) You’re not fooling anyone. Inability to write a concise statement of purpose indicates a lack of critical thinking skills.I should duly note that most undergraduate Computer Science students confuse “concise” with “short”. “Concise” means that you have given thought to the composition of your statement to make it a clear and cohesive piece of prose (with a natural/logical flow) that covers all the necessary points and doesn’t cover unnecessary points. “Short” pieces of writing are usually too short because they omit important points, aren’t cohesive, etc.
• Spell check it! Get someone else to proofread it!